How to Use Methylene Blue to Mark Surgery

Technology: Viewpoint

Methylene Blue is a Desirable Marker to Distinguish between Drugs Used in Plastic Surgery

Li, Zehui MM^*; Zhang, Wenbo BM^†; Liu, Yue MM^*; Dou, Maomei BN^*; Wang, Lianzhao MD^*; Hu, Jintian MD^*

From the ^*Cicatrix Minimally Invasive Treatment Center, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China

^†Plastic Surgery, Xuchang Central Hospital, Xuchang, PR China.

Published online 12 January 2022.

Received for publication October 26, 2021; accepted October 27, 2021.

Drs. Zehui Li and Wenbo Zhang contributed equally to this work.

Jintian Hu, MD, Department of Cicatrix Minimally Invasive Treatment Center, Plastic Surgery Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, PR China, E-mail: [email protected]

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

doi: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000004006

• Open
• CHINA

Seventy-five percent alcohol, botulinum toxin and local anesthetics such as lidocaine are commonly used in plastic surgery and dermatology, and these drugs are all colorless, clear liquids that are difficult for doctors and nurses to distinguish from each other with the naked eye. Once these drugs are misidentified and misused, they can cause great harm to patients. For example, the subcutaneous injection of alcohol mistakenly as an anesthetic can cause severe pain and local tissue necrosis in patients. Therefore, a simple, effective, and safe method of marking various drugs is of great clinical value.

Methylene blue is a kind of biological dye with multiple medical applications and is often used for localization of sentinel lymph nodes. ¹ Studies have shown that methylene blue is an effective local analgesic after anorectal surgery. ² Recently, methylene blue has been found to be safe and effective in relieving pain in the donor site for a long time after costal cartilage harvest procedure. ³ Intravenous methylene blue can also counteract nitrite-induced methemoglobinemia, thus acting as a detoxification agent. ⁴ The aqueous solution of methylene blue appears as blue in an oxidizing environment, and the colors of methylene blue solution after different multiples of dilution are obviously different from each other. The author's department tried to use methylene blue as a marker to distinguish between drugs commonly used in plastic surgery and dermatology. We used 1000-multiple diluted methylene blue to mark lidocaine (0.1 ml 2% methylene blue: 100 ml 2% lidocaine) and the lidocaine turned light blue-green. We used 200-multiple diluted methylene blue to mark 75% alcohol (0.5 ml 2% methylene blue: 100 ml 2% lidocaine) and the 75% alcohol turned dark blue (Fig. 1). To evaluate the safety of local anesthetics marked by 1000-multiple diluted methylene blue, with the approval of the ethics committee, we used marked lidocaine or ropivacaine for local anesthesia in more than 500 patients, and no adverse side effects were observed. This new method can mark drugs by turning their appearance into a specific color, thus helping doctors and nurses to easily distinguish various drugs by observing their colors.

Fig. 1.:

The syringe on the left contains unmarked botulinum toxin, which is colorless and transparent. The middle syringe contains lidocaine marked by 1000-multiple diluted methylene blue, which is light blue-green. The syringe on the right contains 75% alcohol marked by 200-multiple diluted methylene blue, which is dark blue.

The correct use of drugs is a matter of patient health and is an issue that should be paid much attention clinically. Drugs that are packaged completely can be distinguished by the markings on the package, whereas drugs that look similar after being unsealed and drawn into a syringe are difficult to distinguish and can easily lead to misuse. Our study found that methylene blue is a desirable marker to distinguish between drugs commonly used in plastic surgery and dermatology. If the method of using methylene blue to mark drugs is extended in clinical practice, it will greatly improve the efficiency and accuracy of medical staff in identifying drugs and avoid tragic cases of drug misuse. In the meantime, more clinical practice is needed to prove whether the safety of the drugs marked with methylene blue has changed.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This study was approved by the ethics committee of Plastic Surgery Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and all patients signed informed consent forms.

DISCLOSURE

The authors declare that they have no financial interest in relation to the content of this article. This work was supported by the Key Medical Discipline Research Project of Beijing Shijingshan District.

REFERENCES

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2. Fransiska D, Jeo WS, Moenadjat Y, et al. Methylene blue effectiveness as local analgesic after anorectal surgery: a literature review. Adv Med. 2017;2017:3968278.

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• PubMed

3. Ren P, Wang Q, Hu J. Methylene blue: a novel pain-reducing agent following costal cartilage harvest procedure. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2021;9:e3463.

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4. Mudan A, Repplinger D, Lebin J, et al. Severe methemoglobinemia and death from intentional sodium nitrite ingestions. J Emerg Med. 2020;59:e85–e88.

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Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of The American Society of Plastic Surgeons.

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